Background Malaria control would be greatly facilitated by the development of new tools for rapidly assessing malaria transmission intensity. In malaria-endemic areas such as Burkina Faso, human populations are frequently exposed to immunomodulatory salivary components injected during mosquito blood feeding. Numerous studies have examined parasite immunity; however, there are few data available on vector immunity as a means of assessing malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study aims to compare IgG-specific response to salivary gland extracts (SGE) of Anopheles gambiae (An. gambiae) in populations living in urban and rural areas in Burkina Faso.
Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in two sites, Ouagadougou city and Sapouy village, where blood samples (n = 676) from children (0–15 years) and adults were collected. After An. gambiae salivary protein isolation, the antibody (IgG) response to those SGE was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), representing a proxy of Anopheles exposure. The difference in antibody concentrations between groups was tested using parametric tests (Student’s t-test and analysis of variance [ANOVA]) and the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U
( Wilcoxon rank-sum) test. All differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results The study population consisted of 63.0% males and 37.0% females (average age = 31.2 ± 17.8 years). IgG anti- bodies against An. gambiae salivary protein were detected in all study participants. Urban participants demonstrated a greater mean IgG level to An. gambiae bites than rural (P < 0.0001). The mean IgG level was higher in secondary school children compared with primary school children (P < 0.0001). Organic cotton farmers held higher IgG to An. gambiae bites than conventional cotton farmers (P = 0.0027).
Conclusions The evaluation of IgG specific to mosquito salivary gland extracts as immunological biomarkers
in populations in Burkina Faso allowed us to show that the human anti-SGE IgG level to An. gambiae bites is strongly influenced by the living environment and the use of insecticides in agriculture.

Malaria, IgG antibodies, Salivary proteins, An. gambiae bites, Burkina Faso